Before I used to post some articles about nursing related things, but now I think it would be much for helpful to the students if I start to post about the link, which I found to be interesting and is helpful for the nursing students. So now onward, I will not only post an article but also give a good link to the searched articles so that it will be helpful for their future reference and will give more knowledge towards the nursing field.
This is the link I found interesting enough to know little bit about the major organs of the body. It gives some information about the heart, kidney liver, pancreas, intestine, and lung. Not only this much, it gives some interesting things about them as well. Check this site Information about major organs . It might be helpful.
Monday, November 17, 2008
Thursday, November 13, 2008
Taking Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the wall of the artery during the pumping and relaxing period of the heart. The pressure exerted during the pumping period of the heart or contraction of the heart is known as systolic blood pressure; while as, the pressure during the relaxation of the heart beat, or the pressure exerted on the artery between two consecutive heart beat is known as diastolic blood pressure. The normal blood pressure lies between 100/60-140/90, while as the ideal one is 120/80. The pressure is affected by many of the factors, such as physical exercise, climbing of the stairs and other physical activities, anxiety, stress, pregnancy, old age etc. So while taking the blood pressure, one should be aware of the situation. The normal value of the blood pressure changes according to the age factor and state of the time the patient is in.
Despite of the state or condition, the blood pressure has the greater impact on the human life. If one is not able to record the blood pressure correctly it would lead to lots of health hazards as blood pressure is the primary indicator of lots of disease condition, like heart failure, kidney problem etc. So a proper technique should be followed while taking a blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer is used to take the blood pressure. Different other meters were used in the past to take the blood pressure, but nowadays advanced meter is used to take the blood pressure automatically and make the work of nurses faster. But, speaking practically if you have to take an accurate blood pressure, these machines are not convenient; one has to take the blood pressure manually by the use of the sphygmomanometer. Taking the blood pressure with use of the sphygmomanometer is easy, you have to just follow certain steps carefully and be a good observant. The simple steps that you have to follow are:
1. Firstly you have to introduce yourself to the patient, then you have to inform the patient what you are about to do and why you are doing that and take a permission from the patient to take the blood pressure. Then
2. Then deflate the cuff of the sphygmomanometer. Find out the brachial artery in the arm, and put the cuff around the arm facing pointer of the cuff to the brachial artery, the wrapping of the cuff around the arm should be just above the elbow and stethoscope should be placed on the hollow of the elbow over the brachial artery as shown in picture.
3. Put the head of the stethoscope just under the edge of the cuff, a little above the crease of the person's elbow. Hold it there firmly with the thumb, or with a few fingers of your right hand. Put the ear pieces of the stethoscope in your ears.
4. Put your finger in the artery of the wrist and inflate the cuff. Inflate the cuff till you can feel the stoppage of the artery beeping and notice reading in the meter. Then deflate the cuff. Put the ear pieces of the stethoscope in your ear and inflate the cuff 10 mmHg above the reading you have noticed before.
5. Then slowly open the air outlet and be very careful to notice the hearing of the first beeping of artery and notice the point. This first beeping sound is the systolic artery. Then keep on deflating the cuff and notice the point where the beeping stops. This is the diastolic pressure of the person. Then completely deflate the cuff.
This way blood pressure can be taken accurately. It is to be clear that blood pressure should not be taken in stress condition, after the exercise, instant smoking period, as they might give fault blood pressure (especially raised one).
Despite of the state or condition, the blood pressure has the greater impact on the human life. If one is not able to record the blood pressure correctly it would lead to lots of health hazards as blood pressure is the primary indicator of lots of disease condition, like heart failure, kidney problem etc. So a proper technique should be followed while taking a blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer is used to take the blood pressure. Different other meters were used in the past to take the blood pressure, but nowadays advanced meter is used to take the blood pressure automatically and make the work of nurses faster. But, speaking practically if you have to take an accurate blood pressure, these machines are not convenient; one has to take the blood pressure manually by the use of the sphygmomanometer. Taking the blood pressure with use of the sphygmomanometer is easy, you have to just follow certain steps carefully and be a good observant. The simple steps that you have to follow are:
1. Firstly you have to introduce yourself to the patient, then you have to inform the patient what you are about to do and why you are doing that and take a permission from the patient to take the blood pressure. Then
2. Then deflate the cuff of the sphygmomanometer. Find out the brachial artery in the arm, and put the cuff around the arm facing pointer of the cuff to the brachial artery, the wrapping of the cuff around the arm should be just above the elbow and stethoscope should be placed on the hollow of the elbow over the brachial artery as shown in picture.
3. Put the head of the stethoscope just under the edge of the cuff, a little above the crease of the person's elbow. Hold it there firmly with the thumb, or with a few fingers of your right hand. Put the ear pieces of the stethoscope in your ears.
4. Put your finger in the artery of the wrist and inflate the cuff. Inflate the cuff till you can feel the stoppage of the artery beeping and notice reading in the meter. Then deflate the cuff. Put the ear pieces of the stethoscope in your ear and inflate the cuff 10 mmHg above the reading you have noticed before.
5. Then slowly open the air outlet and be very careful to notice the hearing of the first beeping of artery and notice the point. This first beeping sound is the systolic artery. Then keep on deflating the cuff and notice the point where the beeping stops. This is the diastolic pressure of the person. Then completely deflate the cuff.
This way blood pressure can be taken accurately. It is to be clear that blood pressure should not be taken in stress condition, after the exercise, instant smoking period, as they might give fault blood pressure (especially raised one).
Thursday, November 6, 2008
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding, a best way of providing a best possible food for the child and the childs natural right is now considered to be burden by the modern mothers. There is a myth going on about the breast feeding that if beautiful mother breastfeeds their child, they will loose their beauty; which, in fact is a completely a myth, the real fact is that if mother keep on breastfeeding the child, her beauty will be more nourished and she will became more prettier and will be protected from diseases as well.
Breast milk is the primary source of food for the child and is one of the nutritious food that child could ever have. Breast milk has all the required minerals and vitamins that the child would need for the first month of life. Excessive breastfeeding to child for the first six months is the optimal for the child. Beast milk is a protective barrier between the child and it’s fatality with the disease and infectious agents. It provides immunity power to the baby including IgG, which is helpful to fight against the lots of disease and built up the immune system of the child. It helps in development of cognitive part and the sensory part of the child as well. Breast feeding not only benefits the child but also benefits the mother as well by reducing the risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer.
There are lots of benefits of the breastfeeding which I will categories as the benefit for mother, child and society
Benefit of breastfeeding for child:
• Breast milk has agents (called antibodies) in it to help protect infants from bacteria and viruses. Recent studies show that babies who are not exclusively breastfed for 6 months are more likely to develop a wide range of infectious diseases including ear infections, diarrhea, respiratory illnesses and have more hospitalizations. Also, infants who are not breastfed have a 21% higher postneonatal infant mortality rate in the U.S.
• Some studies suggest that infants who are not breastfed have higher rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the first year of life, and higher rates of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, lymphoma, leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, overweight and obesity, high cholesterol and asthma. More research in these areas is needed (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005).
• Babies who are not breastfed are sick more often and have more doctor's visits
• As a result of breastfeeding, breastfed infants grow exactly the way they should. They tend to gain less unnecessary weight and to be leaner. This may result in being less overweight later in life.
• Premature babies do better when breastfed compared to premature babies who are fed formula.
• Breastfed babies score slightly higher on IQ tests, especially babies who were born pre-maturely.
Benefit to the mothers by breastfeeding:
• Nursing uses up extra calories, making it easier to lose the pounds of pregnancy. It also helps the uterus to get back to its original size and lessens any bleeding a woman may have after giving birth.
• Breastfeeding, especially exclusive breastfeeding (no supplementing with formula), delays the return of normal ovulation and menstrual cycles. (However, you should still talk with your doctor or nurse about birth control choices.)
• Breastfeeding lowers the risk of breast and ovarian cancers, and possibly the risk of hip fractures and osteoporosis after menopause.
• Breastfeeding makes your life easier. It saves time and money. You do not have to purchase, measure, and mix formula. There are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night!
• A mother can give her baby immediate satisfaction by providing her breast milk when her baby is hungry.
• Breastfeeding requires a mother to take some quiet relaxed time for herself and her baby.
• Breastfeeding can help a mother to bond with her baby. Physical contact is important to newborns and can help them feel more secure, warm and comforted.
• Breastfeeding mothers may have increased self-confidence and feelings of closeness and bonding with their infants.
Benefit for the society
• Breastfeeding saves on health care costs. Total medical care costs for the nation are lower for fully breastfed infants than never-breastfed infants since breastfed infants typically need fewer sick care visits, prescriptions, and hospitalizations.
• Breastfeeding contributes to a more productive workforce. Breastfeeding mothers miss less work, as their infants are sick less often. Employer medical costs also are lower and employee productivity is higher.
• Breastfeeding is better for our environment because there is less trash and plastic waste compared to that produced by formula cans and bottle supplies.
So as far i am concerned, breastfeeding is the best way to keep child, mother and society healthy in it’s perspective and all the mother should keep on breastfeeding their own child.
Monday, October 27, 2008
Demographic distribution of elderly in nepal
INTRODUCTION ABOUT NEPAL AND NEPALI PEOPLE INCLUDING ELDERLY PRESENT IN Nepal
Nepal being the landlocked country is having border with the India from three sides and the China from one side. Nepal is relatively beautiful country with the area of 141, 181 sq. km in the south Asia region, having 885 km in the east-west direction and with the mean north-south width of 193 km. Financially Nepal is not considered strong but culturally, Nepal is rich for its diversity, peculiarity, and uniqueness. Nepal has 101 ethnic groups, 92 languages, 10 religions and 3 geographical regions and a population of 28.6 (2005 census) million people living 157 persons per sq km which was just 40 in 1911. The 2001 census showed that 57.5 % of the population belonged to a caste, 2/3 of them living in the hills and 1/3 in the Tarai. Dalits (untouchables) who make up 13.6% of the population are one of the most disadvantaged and backward groups2. It has five development regions: Eastern, Central, Western, Mid-western and Far-western with 14 zones, 75 districts, 58 municipalities and 3915 village development committees which are further divided into small political units called wards. National standard living survey 2003/4 reports that poverty incidence decreased from 42% in 1995/6 to 31% in 2003/4, however rural urban disparity still exist (rural poverty-35% and urban poverty-10%). A significant increase in remittances, increase in wages, improved connectivity and access to markets, urbanization, and falling birth rates were behind this decline. Household receiving remittances went up to 32% in 2004 from 23% in 1996 (MoF, 2006).
AGE DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL
Ageing is the ultimate manifestation of the biological, psychological, and demographical activities in the individual human being and population in large. Nepal is having the sum total of population of 28,676,547 (2005 census). Persons of age 60+, is considered as the elderly in the context of the Nepal. The elderly population is 10,61032, a 7.46% of the total population.
Age structure: According to the census 2003
0-14 years: 39.7% (male 5,424,396; female 5,080,171)
15-64 years: 56.7% (male 7,692,134; female 7,320,059)
60 years and over: 7.46% (male 468,697; female 484,112) (2003 est.)
According to the census 2005
Data Size
Population
28,676,547 (2005)
Growth Rate 2.2%
Population below 14 Years old 39%
Population of age 15 to 59 57.3%
Population above 60 7.46%
Pyramid showing the population of Nepal
Age distribution by major age groups, prior and post 1951.
Prior 1951 Post 1951
Age group 1911 1941 1971 2001
0-14 38.68 39.16 39.72 39.31
60+ 4.28 5.33 5.88 7.46
65+ 2.43 3.17 3.17 4.21
75+ 0.45 0.65 0.87 1.30
The above data implies that Nepal is in the state of development, as the youths ranging from 14-59 are in the majority. Nepal is having relatively few numbers of aged people in comparison with the other groups of the people; however, the older population is increasing both in terms of absolute numbers and as a proportion of the total population; unfortunately, traditional family norms and values of supporting the elderly are eroding. There were 1.6 million elderly inhabitants which constitutes 7.46% of the total population in 2001 which will be double by 2017. Persons of 60+ years are known as elderly people in Nepal, the index of ageing has increased from 11.7% in 1911 to 18.89% by 2001. For the aged 65+ years, the increment is from 6.28% in 1911 to 10.69% by 2001. The rate of increasing older people is rapid from 1971 to 2001. During the period 1991–2001, the annual elderly population growth rate was 3.39%, which was higher than the annual population growth rate of 2.1%. Increasing in the ageing population is mainly due to advancement and easily availability in the health services. This increasing number of elderly in Nepal is enforcing government to change the policy towards the helping of the elderly people and building of infrastructure considering elderly people.
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY CONDITION OF ELDERLY IN NEPAL
Mortality Rate among Aged Persons
Though starting age of ageing is considered as 60 years in most of the previous discussions, 50 years age is considered for the starting age for high risk mortality among aged persons. It is based on common observation that by a person reaches 50 years, multitude of Physiological and Psychological problems start to show their effects on the physical health of a person accelerating the risk of his/ her death as age advances.
Adjusted death rates among aged persons, Nepal, 2001.
Age Group Male Female Both Sexes
50 – 54 18.70 11.87 14.24
55 – 59 30.04 20.69 23.77
60 – 64 47.59 32.85 37.46
65 – 69 64.39 47.84 52.38
70 – 74 103.10 72.60 82.12
75 – 79 149.89 97.08 114.55
80 + 296.28 211.13 235.35
All Ages 13.89 9.73 11.00
Median Age at death 78.10 81.60 79.52
Source: Present study, based on Census, 2001, CBS
Unadjusted death rates for all ages according to 2001 census report are found only 5.24 per thousand for males, 4.15 per thousand for females and 4.7 per thousand for both sexes. These rates are very low as compared to 11 per thousand reported for both sexes in U.N’s population data sheet for 2002.271. The above table shows that up to age group 50-54 years, the death rates for both sexes are only 3% to 5% higher than for all ages. .But as age advances, the rate substantially increases for both sexes and at age 80 years and above, the rate attaining the levels of 296.28 per thousand for males, 211.13 per thousand for females and 235.35 per thousand for both. From the table, it is clear that among aged persons, death rates for females are much lower than for males. Median age at death for aged 50 + years persons is found as 78.1 years for males, 81.6 years for females and 79.52 years for both sexes.
Deaths occur at old age due to many causes. One cause is the natural processes due to ageing .Others are due to various diseases, accidents and suicides etc. Twenty five specific reasons of deaths are included in Census inquiry of 2001. Data analysis of deaths by specific reasons for 65+ years aged persons by sex shows that highest of 41.33% deaths among males aged 65+ years occurred due to Natural rules followed by 21.66% due to other causes not included for the inquiry. Among females, highest of 26.97% deaths occurred due to causes not included for the inquiry, followed by 16.97% due to Natural rules. Excluding the cases of Non-stated which accounted to 7.45% in case of males and 8.05% in case of females, third specific cause is the Asthma which caused 11.02% of deaths among aged males and 7.68% of deaths among aged females followed by cancer causing 3.11% of death among males and 4.61% of death among females. Next to cancer, tuberculosis and heart diseases are the main causes of deaths among males, but among females, miscarriage and heart disease followed by the Cancer for causing more deaths.
The 85% of elderly people are living in rural areas depending upon their agricultural profession and living under the poverty due to lack of access to resources and income generation activities. They suffer from the cumulative effects of a lifetime of deprivation, lack of education, poor health and nutrition, low social status, discrimination and restriction on mobility, entering old age in a poor state of health and without saving or material assets. They lack means to fulfill their basic needs such as food, clothes, shelter, health care, love and safe drinking water. Gender inequality and discrimination against women continue from before birth to death (NEPAN, 2002).
LITERACY OF ELDERLY PEOPLE
The literacy rate (those who can read and write) for aged 65+ years is found as 27.0% for males and 4.07 % for females and 47.12% are found economically active with sex differential of 59.7% for males and 34.30% for females. For both sexes, the literacy rate for aged 65+ years is found as 15.64 %. But for districts of Katmandu valley, the literacy rates for both sexes are found much higher than those observed for all Nepal. Low elderly literacy rate is due to the political situation of the Nepal. Nepal had been ruled by the Rana’s (one of the caste of Nepal), who tried to suppress the education of the population for their benefit, so that they can rule the country for long time. Government later on tried to increase the elderly literacy with some education program developed mainly for the women and the elderly people and they succeeded to somewhat. Elderly literacy in Nepal is even affected with the ethnic group as well. The Brahaman elderly are more literate than other ethnic group as they have to perform some cultural activities and they occupation which requires education.
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 62.8%
male: 69.7%
female: 55.9% (2003 est.)
MARITAL STATUS OF THE ELDERLY
The marital status of the elderly is an important indicator of their places of residence, their support systems and, importantly, their individual well-being. The elderly that are still married tend to recover more rapidly from illness, have better mental health, utilize more health promoting services, socialize more and are generally more satisfied with their lives than those elderly without a partner.
In 1961, only 73.17% male and 32.13% females were married, which increased to 88.3% for male and 71.7% for females in 2001. The lower proportion of married elderly women may be due to society’s strict prohibition of widow remarriage. This prohibition is in addition to and exacerbated by the male tendency of marrying a younger woman. In Nepalese culture, widower remarriage is not accepted before centuries, during ruling by Rana’s. One of the Rana Prime Ministers later on bring changes in the policy and allowed the widowers remarriage. Though it’s legally allowed and accepted, widower remarriage is still not in good practice among the Nepalese citizen. Males marrying multiple women are not allowed in the Nepal. The proportion of never married elderly in Nepal is low, possibly due to the prevalent universal marriage system in that society. Many parents in that society believe they are responsible for the marriage of their offspring. Arranged marriages are common in Nepal. Love marriage in proportion to arrange is relatively minimal.
ETHNICITY:
The population in Nepal is made up from diverse ethnic groups. The largest single ethnic group is Chhettri (16%), followed by: Brahman-Hill (13%), Magar (7), Taru (7%), Tamang (6%), Newar (5%), Muslim (4%), Kami (4%), Yadav (4%) and ‘other’ (34%). The number of elderly present in Nepal has great effect due to the ethnicity of Nepal as different ethnic group perform different activities according to the ethnic culture. Chettetri ethnic people have different celebration days than the other group and have different kind of belief followed by different types of eating habits. Chettri, are the people mostly found in the Kathmandu and gives emphasis to the groupism and strength. While as newar are mostly resident of the capital city Kathmandu and gives emphasis to the socialization, sharing and parties. They tend to be more cultural and social than the other ethnic group. They have lots of cultural celebrating days. The elderly people above 75 in this ethnic group are considered to be the god, so they give more emphasis to the elderly people. Newar elderly seem to be little conservative on the matter of health as they believe that sickness is merely the curse from the god than from the disease. The local elderly living in the Kathmandu are very much conscious about their health and will be seen gradually taking part in the health promotional activities and social activities. Gurung, tamang, tharu are found mostly far from capital city and they are very sociable. They believe ancestors are the gods and praise the elderly people.
RELIGION:
Since Nepal is the only official Hindu state in the world, the majority of the population in Nepal practice the Hindu religion (86% of the population), whilst the remaining religions are represented by Buddhists (8%), Muslims (4%) and ‘other’ (2%). Though other religions are negligible in comparison to the others, there are some total of 10 religions can be found in the Nepal. The elderly of Hindu religion are sociable enough but not as the Buddhist, who constantly takes part in the social activities and will be found active in the gumba (religious place). Buddhist religious people tend to have more elderly people according to the religious belief and their eating habit, than the other group. Buddhist religious people are mostly vegetarian and non-violent as their religion is against the violence and eating meat. Buddhist elderly have less common problems with mental health, as they would be relatively taking part in the social activities and would not be lonely. The elderly people in the Buddhist religion are given more value by the younger and give them respect and considered as the teacher. While as in the other religion, this is not so often seen.
OCCUPATION:
Among 65+ years aged persons, 47.12% are found economically active with sex differential of 59.7% for males and 34.30% for females.
Economically active among aged 65+ years , by development regions, 2001 in
%’s.
Region Male Female Both Sexes
Eastern Dev. Region 62.02 35.28 48.74
Central Dev. Region 58.66 29.84 44.20
Western Dev. Region 58.88 36.39 47.86
Mid-Western Dev. Region 5ng the5.04 32.83 44.60
Far-Western Dev. Region 65.31 46.12 55.58
Nepal 59.70 34.30 47.12
Source : Based on Census 2001, CBS.
The table shows that Far Western Region as compared to other development regions has the highest percentage of aged persons among both sexes who are economically active. On the other hand, Central Region as compared to other regions has the least % of females aged 65+ years that are economically active.
Most of the people in the Nepal tend to be dependent on the farming as their occupation and only few percentage are involved with other occupation. So does the elderly people in the Nepal. Elderly people above 65 can be seen working in the field, and enjoying their life. When elderly people will not be able to work in the field, they will be involved with some other occupation such as knitting of the mattress by the males and sweaters and other stuffs by the females. So the elderly population keeps themselves productive most of the time.
LANGUAGES:
In Nepal Nepali is the national languages used all over the Nepal. While as each caste and each ethnic group in the Nepal tend to have their own language. According to governmental record there are around 90 languages in the Nepal. Most of the elderly in the Nepal can speak can understand Nepali very well, while as English is not so common among the elderly people of the Nepal. They tend to speak their own mother tongue, language according to their ethnicity and caste, in their house and with their relatives and Nepali with other visitor from different locality and different ethnicity. Elderly people tend to give emphasis on their mother tongue language then in others. They constantly encourage younger to speak ethnic language. Language does not have great effect on the health and belief of the elderly, but elderly seems to be proud of their own language.
CONCLUSION:
Nepal is the country with vast diversity in the culture and in the ethnic group; where there is different beliefs are prevalent among the elderly people according to their caste and religion. Increasing number of elderly population in Nepal is demanding for changes in the policy for the elderly. Government and local population has to take in consideration in the services provided to the elderly as the number of increasing in elderly is more than the total population increase. More services and facilities are to be given for the elderly people and lots of elderly homes and special hospitals for the elderly are to be made considering the elderly number increasing. The numbers of elderly people are increasing in the Nepal, which shows that Nepal is in state of development. The present ageing index 65+ years of 10.69% is expected to increase to 12.65% by 2031. Elderly people tend to me more sociable in the Nepal, so youth should encourage them to be more sociable by supporting them and giving opportunities for them as it might decrease the morbidity, mortality and mental health problem in elder people. Youths support to the elderly people would be greatest help for the elderly people than the governments support as elderly in Nepal love to be sociable and be with people around them.
Elderly people should be given increase access to the information regarding their rights at home and in the society including their rights to governmental services provision as most of the elderly literacy percentage is relatively low. More of the elderly literate program to be run in the county, so to increase the literacy rate among the elderly and women.
Nepal being the landlocked country is having border with the India from three sides and the China from one side. Nepal is relatively beautiful country with the area of 141, 181 sq. km in the south Asia region, having 885 km in the east-west direction and with the mean north-south width of 193 km. Financially Nepal is not considered strong but culturally, Nepal is rich for its diversity, peculiarity, and uniqueness. Nepal has 101 ethnic groups, 92 languages, 10 religions and 3 geographical regions and a population of 28.6 (2005 census) million people living 157 persons per sq km which was just 40 in 1911. The 2001 census showed that 57.5 % of the population belonged to a caste, 2/3 of them living in the hills and 1/3 in the Tarai. Dalits (untouchables) who make up 13.6% of the population are one of the most disadvantaged and backward groups2. It has five development regions: Eastern, Central, Western, Mid-western and Far-western with 14 zones, 75 districts, 58 municipalities and 3915 village development committees which are further divided into small political units called wards. National standard living survey 2003/4 reports that poverty incidence decreased from 42% in 1995/6 to 31% in 2003/4, however rural urban disparity still exist (rural poverty-35% and urban poverty-10%). A significant increase in remittances, increase in wages, improved connectivity and access to markets, urbanization, and falling birth rates were behind this decline. Household receiving remittances went up to 32% in 2004 from 23% in 1996 (MoF, 2006).
AGE DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL
Ageing is the ultimate manifestation of the biological, psychological, and demographical activities in the individual human being and population in large. Nepal is having the sum total of population of 28,676,547 (2005 census). Persons of age 60+, is considered as the elderly in the context of the Nepal. The elderly population is 10,61032, a 7.46% of the total population.
Age structure: According to the census 2003
0-14 years: 39.7% (male 5,424,396; female 5,080,171)
15-64 years: 56.7% (male 7,692,134; female 7,320,059)
60 years and over: 7.46% (male 468,697; female 484,112) (2003 est.)
According to the census 2005
Data Size
Population
28,676,547 (2005)
Growth Rate 2.2%
Population below 14 Years old 39%
Population of age 15 to 59 57.3%
Population above 60 7.46%
Pyramid showing the population of Nepal
Age distribution by major age groups, prior and post 1951.
Prior 1951 Post 1951
Age group 1911 1941 1971 2001
0-14 38.68 39.16 39.72 39.31
60+ 4.28 5.33 5.88 7.46
65+ 2.43 3.17 3.17 4.21
75+ 0.45 0.65 0.87 1.30
The above data implies that Nepal is in the state of development, as the youths ranging from 14-59 are in the majority. Nepal is having relatively few numbers of aged people in comparison with the other groups of the people; however, the older population is increasing both in terms of absolute numbers and as a proportion of the total population; unfortunately, traditional family norms and values of supporting the elderly are eroding. There were 1.6 million elderly inhabitants which constitutes 7.46% of the total population in 2001 which will be double by 2017. Persons of 60+ years are known as elderly people in Nepal, the index of ageing has increased from 11.7% in 1911 to 18.89% by 2001. For the aged 65+ years, the increment is from 6.28% in 1911 to 10.69% by 2001. The rate of increasing older people is rapid from 1971 to 2001. During the period 1991–2001, the annual elderly population growth rate was 3.39%, which was higher than the annual population growth rate of 2.1%. Increasing in the ageing population is mainly due to advancement and easily availability in the health services. This increasing number of elderly in Nepal is enforcing government to change the policy towards the helping of the elderly people and building of infrastructure considering elderly people.
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY CONDITION OF ELDERLY IN NEPAL
Mortality Rate among Aged Persons
Though starting age of ageing is considered as 60 years in most of the previous discussions, 50 years age is considered for the starting age for high risk mortality among aged persons. It is based on common observation that by a person reaches 50 years, multitude of Physiological and Psychological problems start to show their effects on the physical health of a person accelerating the risk of his/ her death as age advances.
Adjusted death rates among aged persons, Nepal, 2001.
Age Group Male Female Both Sexes
50 – 54 18.70 11.87 14.24
55 – 59 30.04 20.69 23.77
60 – 64 47.59 32.85 37.46
65 – 69 64.39 47.84 52.38
70 – 74 103.10 72.60 82.12
75 – 79 149.89 97.08 114.55
80 + 296.28 211.13 235.35
All Ages 13.89 9.73 11.00
Median Age at death 78.10 81.60 79.52
Source: Present study, based on Census, 2001, CBS
Unadjusted death rates for all ages according to 2001 census report are found only 5.24 per thousand for males, 4.15 per thousand for females and 4.7 per thousand for both sexes. These rates are very low as compared to 11 per thousand reported for both sexes in U.N’s population data sheet for 2002.271. The above table shows that up to age group 50-54 years, the death rates for both sexes are only 3% to 5% higher than for all ages. .But as age advances, the rate substantially increases for both sexes and at age 80 years and above, the rate attaining the levels of 296.28 per thousand for males, 211.13 per thousand for females and 235.35 per thousand for both. From the table, it is clear that among aged persons, death rates for females are much lower than for males. Median age at death for aged 50 + years persons is found as 78.1 years for males, 81.6 years for females and 79.52 years for both sexes.
Deaths occur at old age due to many causes. One cause is the natural processes due to ageing .Others are due to various diseases, accidents and suicides etc. Twenty five specific reasons of deaths are included in Census inquiry of 2001. Data analysis of deaths by specific reasons for 65+ years aged persons by sex shows that highest of 41.33% deaths among males aged 65+ years occurred due to Natural rules followed by 21.66% due to other causes not included for the inquiry. Among females, highest of 26.97% deaths occurred due to causes not included for the inquiry, followed by 16.97% due to Natural rules. Excluding the cases of Non-stated which accounted to 7.45% in case of males and 8.05% in case of females, third specific cause is the Asthma which caused 11.02% of deaths among aged males and 7.68% of deaths among aged females followed by cancer causing 3.11% of death among males and 4.61% of death among females. Next to cancer, tuberculosis and heart diseases are the main causes of deaths among males, but among females, miscarriage and heart disease followed by the Cancer for causing more deaths.
The 85% of elderly people are living in rural areas depending upon their agricultural profession and living under the poverty due to lack of access to resources and income generation activities. They suffer from the cumulative effects of a lifetime of deprivation, lack of education, poor health and nutrition, low social status, discrimination and restriction on mobility, entering old age in a poor state of health and without saving or material assets. They lack means to fulfill their basic needs such as food, clothes, shelter, health care, love and safe drinking water. Gender inequality and discrimination against women continue from before birth to death (NEPAN, 2002).
LITERACY OF ELDERLY PEOPLE
The literacy rate (those who can read and write) for aged 65+ years is found as 27.0% for males and 4.07 % for females and 47.12% are found economically active with sex differential of 59.7% for males and 34.30% for females. For both sexes, the literacy rate for aged 65+ years is found as 15.64 %. But for districts of Katmandu valley, the literacy rates for both sexes are found much higher than those observed for all Nepal. Low elderly literacy rate is due to the political situation of the Nepal. Nepal had been ruled by the Rana’s (one of the caste of Nepal), who tried to suppress the education of the population for their benefit, so that they can rule the country for long time. Government later on tried to increase the elderly literacy with some education program developed mainly for the women and the elderly people and they succeeded to somewhat. Elderly literacy in Nepal is even affected with the ethnic group as well. The Brahaman elderly are more literate than other ethnic group as they have to perform some cultural activities and they occupation which requires education.
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 62.8%
male: 69.7%
female: 55.9% (2003 est.)
MARITAL STATUS OF THE ELDERLY
The marital status of the elderly is an important indicator of their places of residence, their support systems and, importantly, their individual well-being. The elderly that are still married tend to recover more rapidly from illness, have better mental health, utilize more health promoting services, socialize more and are generally more satisfied with their lives than those elderly without a partner.
In 1961, only 73.17% male and 32.13% females were married, which increased to 88.3% for male and 71.7% for females in 2001. The lower proportion of married elderly women may be due to society’s strict prohibition of widow remarriage. This prohibition is in addition to and exacerbated by the male tendency of marrying a younger woman. In Nepalese culture, widower remarriage is not accepted before centuries, during ruling by Rana’s. One of the Rana Prime Ministers later on bring changes in the policy and allowed the widowers remarriage. Though it’s legally allowed and accepted, widower remarriage is still not in good practice among the Nepalese citizen. Males marrying multiple women are not allowed in the Nepal. The proportion of never married elderly in Nepal is low, possibly due to the prevalent universal marriage system in that society. Many parents in that society believe they are responsible for the marriage of their offspring. Arranged marriages are common in Nepal. Love marriage in proportion to arrange is relatively minimal.
ETHNICITY:
The population in Nepal is made up from diverse ethnic groups. The largest single ethnic group is Chhettri (16%), followed by: Brahman-Hill (13%), Magar (7), Taru (7%), Tamang (6%), Newar (5%), Muslim (4%), Kami (4%), Yadav (4%) and ‘other’ (34%). The number of elderly present in Nepal has great effect due to the ethnicity of Nepal as different ethnic group perform different activities according to the ethnic culture. Chettetri ethnic people have different celebration days than the other group and have different kind of belief followed by different types of eating habits. Chettri, are the people mostly found in the Kathmandu and gives emphasis to the groupism and strength. While as newar are mostly resident of the capital city Kathmandu and gives emphasis to the socialization, sharing and parties. They tend to be more cultural and social than the other ethnic group. They have lots of cultural celebrating days. The elderly people above 75 in this ethnic group are considered to be the god, so they give more emphasis to the elderly people. Newar elderly seem to be little conservative on the matter of health as they believe that sickness is merely the curse from the god than from the disease. The local elderly living in the Kathmandu are very much conscious about their health and will be seen gradually taking part in the health promotional activities and social activities. Gurung, tamang, tharu are found mostly far from capital city and they are very sociable. They believe ancestors are the gods and praise the elderly people.
RELIGION:
Since Nepal is the only official Hindu state in the world, the majority of the population in Nepal practice the Hindu religion (86% of the population), whilst the remaining religions are represented by Buddhists (8%), Muslims (4%) and ‘other’ (2%). Though other religions are negligible in comparison to the others, there are some total of 10 religions can be found in the Nepal. The elderly of Hindu religion are sociable enough but not as the Buddhist, who constantly takes part in the social activities and will be found active in the gumba (religious place). Buddhist religious people tend to have more elderly people according to the religious belief and their eating habit, than the other group. Buddhist religious people are mostly vegetarian and non-violent as their religion is against the violence and eating meat. Buddhist elderly have less common problems with mental health, as they would be relatively taking part in the social activities and would not be lonely. The elderly people in the Buddhist religion are given more value by the younger and give them respect and considered as the teacher. While as in the other religion, this is not so often seen.
OCCUPATION:
Among 65+ years aged persons, 47.12% are found economically active with sex differential of 59.7% for males and 34.30% for females.
Economically active among aged 65+ years , by development regions, 2001 in
%’s.
Region Male Female Both Sexes
Eastern Dev. Region 62.02 35.28 48.74
Central Dev. Region 58.66 29.84 44.20
Western Dev. Region 58.88 36.39 47.86
Mid-Western Dev. Region 5ng the5.04 32.83 44.60
Far-Western Dev. Region 65.31 46.12 55.58
Nepal 59.70 34.30 47.12
Source : Based on Census 2001, CBS.
The table shows that Far Western Region as compared to other development regions has the highest percentage of aged persons among both sexes who are economically active. On the other hand, Central Region as compared to other regions has the least % of females aged 65+ years that are economically active.
Most of the people in the Nepal tend to be dependent on the farming as their occupation and only few percentage are involved with other occupation. So does the elderly people in the Nepal. Elderly people above 65 can be seen working in the field, and enjoying their life. When elderly people will not be able to work in the field, they will be involved with some other occupation such as knitting of the mattress by the males and sweaters and other stuffs by the females. So the elderly population keeps themselves productive most of the time.
LANGUAGES:
In Nepal Nepali is the national languages used all over the Nepal. While as each caste and each ethnic group in the Nepal tend to have their own language. According to governmental record there are around 90 languages in the Nepal. Most of the elderly in the Nepal can speak can understand Nepali very well, while as English is not so common among the elderly people of the Nepal. They tend to speak their own mother tongue, language according to their ethnicity and caste, in their house and with their relatives and Nepali with other visitor from different locality and different ethnicity. Elderly people tend to give emphasis on their mother tongue language then in others. They constantly encourage younger to speak ethnic language. Language does not have great effect on the health and belief of the elderly, but elderly seems to be proud of their own language.
CONCLUSION:
Nepal is the country with vast diversity in the culture and in the ethnic group; where there is different beliefs are prevalent among the elderly people according to their caste and religion. Increasing number of elderly population in Nepal is demanding for changes in the policy for the elderly. Government and local population has to take in consideration in the services provided to the elderly as the number of increasing in elderly is more than the total population increase. More services and facilities are to be given for the elderly people and lots of elderly homes and special hospitals for the elderly are to be made considering the elderly number increasing. The numbers of elderly people are increasing in the Nepal, which shows that Nepal is in state of development. The present ageing index 65+ years of 10.69% is expected to increase to 12.65% by 2031. Elderly people tend to me more sociable in the Nepal, so youth should encourage them to be more sociable by supporting them and giving opportunities for them as it might decrease the morbidity, mortality and mental health problem in elder people. Youths support to the elderly people would be greatest help for the elderly people than the governments support as elderly in Nepal love to be sociable and be with people around them.
Elderly people should be given increase access to the information regarding their rights at home and in the society including their rights to governmental services provision as most of the elderly literacy percentage is relatively low. More of the elderly literate program to be run in the county, so to increase the literacy rate among the elderly and women.
Tuesday, October 14, 2008
community health nursing
Community health nursing is the nursing care given to the people living in the community, which referrers to the certain area where people are living. Community health nurses have to provide the care of the community as if they are providing care to the patient in the hospital. Community health nurses has to visit the individual homes and the people living in the home and assess the problems of the people, not only that much, they have to find out the people who might need the special care and who has been hidden by the family members due to some problem and report those people to right place. Community health nursing is the new trend of the nursing evolved in the nursing faculty and community health nurses has to meet some standards of practice.
Standards of Community health Nursing Practice
1. Theory
The nurse applies theoretical concepts as a basis for decision in practice.
2. Data collection
The nurse systematically collects data that are comprehensive and accurate.
3. Diagnosis:
The nurse analyses data collected about the community family and individual to determine diagnoses.
4. planning
At each level of prevention, the nurse develops plans that specify nursing actions unique to client needs.
5. Intervention
The nurse guided by the plan intervenes to promote, maintain, or restore health to prevent illness, and to effect rehabilitation.
6. Evaluation
The nurse evaluates response of the community, family and individual to interventions to determine progress toward goal achievement and to revise the data base, diagnoses, and plan.
7. Quality assurance and professional development
The nurse participates in peer review and other means of evaluation to assure quality of nursing practice. The nurse assumes responsibility for professional development and contributes to professional growth of others.
8. Interdisciplinary collaboration
The nurse collaborates with other health care providers, professional and community representatives in assessing planning implementing and evaluation programs for community health.
9. Research
The nurse contributes to theory and practice in community health nursing through research.
Mentioned above are the standards that the community health nurses have to meet in their practices. Below are the some activities that community health nurses have to accomplish while in their practice.
1. Takes preventive or corrective action individually or in partnership to protect individuals and communities from unsafe or unethical circumstances.
2. Advocates for societal change in support of health for all.
3. Uses nursing informatics (including information and communication technology) to generate, manage and process relevant data to support nursing practice.
4. Identifies and takes action on factors which affect autonomy of practice and quality of care.
5. Participates in the advancement of community health nursing by mentoring students and new practitioners.
6. Participates in research and professional activities.
7. Makes decisions using ethical standards and principles, taking into consideration the tension between individual versus societal good and the responsibility to uphold the greater good of all people or the population as a whole.
8. Seeks help with problem solving as needed to determine the best course of action in response to ethical dilemmas, risks to human rights and freedoms, new situations and new knowledge.
9. Identifies and works proactively—through personal advocacy and participation in relevant professional associations—to address nursing issues that will affect the population.
10. Contributes proactively to the quality of the work environment by identifying needs, issues and solutions, mobilizing colleagues and actively participating in team and organizational structures and mechanisms.
11. Provides constructive feedback to peers as appropriate to enhance community health nursing practice.
12. Documents community health nursing activities in a timely and thorough manner, including telephone advice and work with communities and groups.
13. Advocates for effective and efficient use of community health nursing resources.
14. Uses reflective practice to continually assess and improve personal community health nursing practice.
15. Seeks professional development experiences that are consistent with current community health nursing practice, new and emerging issues, the changing needs of the population, the evolving impact of the determinants of health and emerging research.
16. Acts upon legal obligations to report to appropriate authorities any situations of unsafe or unethical care provided by family, friends or other individuals to children or vulnerable adults.
17. Uses available resources to systematically evaluate the availability, acceptability, quality, efficiency and effectiveness of community health nursing practice.
Standards of Community health Nursing Practice
1. Theory
The nurse applies theoretical concepts as a basis for decision in practice.
2. Data collection
The nurse systematically collects data that are comprehensive and accurate.
3. Diagnosis:
The nurse analyses data collected about the community family and individual to determine diagnoses.
4. planning
At each level of prevention, the nurse develops plans that specify nursing actions unique to client needs.
5. Intervention
The nurse guided by the plan intervenes to promote, maintain, or restore health to prevent illness, and to effect rehabilitation.
6. Evaluation
The nurse evaluates response of the community, family and individual to interventions to determine progress toward goal achievement and to revise the data base, diagnoses, and plan.
7. Quality assurance and professional development
The nurse participates in peer review and other means of evaluation to assure quality of nursing practice. The nurse assumes responsibility for professional development and contributes to professional growth of others.
8. Interdisciplinary collaboration
The nurse collaborates with other health care providers, professional and community representatives in assessing planning implementing and evaluation programs for community health.
9. Research
The nurse contributes to theory and practice in community health nursing through research.
Mentioned above are the standards that the community health nurses have to meet in their practices. Below are the some activities that community health nurses have to accomplish while in their practice.
1. Takes preventive or corrective action individually or in partnership to protect individuals and communities from unsafe or unethical circumstances.
2. Advocates for societal change in support of health for all.
3. Uses nursing informatics (including information and communication technology) to generate, manage and process relevant data to support nursing practice.
4. Identifies and takes action on factors which affect autonomy of practice and quality of care.
5. Participates in the advancement of community health nursing by mentoring students and new practitioners.
6. Participates in research and professional activities.
7. Makes decisions using ethical standards and principles, taking into consideration the tension between individual versus societal good and the responsibility to uphold the greater good of all people or the population as a whole.
8. Seeks help with problem solving as needed to determine the best course of action in response to ethical dilemmas, risks to human rights and freedoms, new situations and new knowledge.
9. Identifies and works proactively—through personal advocacy and participation in relevant professional associations—to address nursing issues that will affect the population.
10. Contributes proactively to the quality of the work environment by identifying needs, issues and solutions, mobilizing colleagues and actively participating in team and organizational structures and mechanisms.
11. Provides constructive feedback to peers as appropriate to enhance community health nursing practice.
12. Documents community health nursing activities in a timely and thorough manner, including telephone advice and work with communities and groups.
13. Advocates for effective and efficient use of community health nursing resources.
14. Uses reflective practice to continually assess and improve personal community health nursing practice.
15. Seeks professional development experiences that are consistent with current community health nursing practice, new and emerging issues, the changing needs of the population, the evolving impact of the determinants of health and emerging research.
16. Acts upon legal obligations to report to appropriate authorities any situations of unsafe or unethical care provided by family, friends or other individuals to children or vulnerable adults.
17. Uses available resources to systematically evaluate the availability, acceptability, quality, efficiency and effectiveness of community health nursing practice.
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
Do you love busy life?
Hey dudes,
it's been long since i post an article, cause i was busy these days. Well i love to be in touch with you all the people but as i said quiet busy these days. This is the summer time in the cyprus and it's time to make some earnings so i was busy with the work.
Well i have always craved for the busy life and suddenly i got it and i found it be very hard to control it. Well it pays a good money and it will make your heads up wherever you go. You won't have any problem with the money and with along side, you will be gathering lots of work place friends and lots of knowledges and experiences of the work, which will be golden mark for the future. You will even get real oppertunity to know about the real world and it's difficulties, at last you will get enough money and experience from the busy work.
In contrast to that, the busy life tend to make people mentally pressured lot of the time. You will start to cry for the free day in your life and free time to spent with your friend and laugh with them. You will have money with you but you will loose most of the happiness of the time. You will get experience about the job and life but in the mean time, you will be loosing the fabolous time of your to be happy with your family, friends and golden time of yours. Your body with start to ask you for the half an hour more of sleep, your body will start to pray for one day rest and your body will show the signs of tiredness, ache and restlessness.
Well this is what busy life pays and this is what you will earn from busy life. so time for you to decide what would you like to have, busy life or just the normal day living life. This is what i have been feeling nowadays working for 16 hours a day, 2 hours of walk. I can't make a choice between busy life and normal life, as i am in need for both, may be you could make a better choice, so before starting busy life, think twice.
it's been long since i post an article, cause i was busy these days. Well i love to be in touch with you all the people but as i said quiet busy these days. This is the summer time in the cyprus and it's time to make some earnings so i was busy with the work.
Well i have always craved for the busy life and suddenly i got it and i found it be very hard to control it. Well it pays a good money and it will make your heads up wherever you go. You won't have any problem with the money and with along side, you will be gathering lots of work place friends and lots of knowledges and experiences of the work, which will be golden mark for the future. You will even get real oppertunity to know about the real world and it's difficulties, at last you will get enough money and experience from the busy work.
In contrast to that, the busy life tend to make people mentally pressured lot of the time. You will start to cry for the free day in your life and free time to spent with your friend and laugh with them. You will have money with you but you will loose most of the happiness of the time. You will get experience about the job and life but in the mean time, you will be loosing the fabolous time of your to be happy with your family, friends and golden time of yours. Your body with start to ask you for the half an hour more of sleep, your body will start to pray for one day rest and your body will show the signs of tiredness, ache and restlessness.
Well this is what busy life pays and this is what you will earn from busy life. so time for you to decide what would you like to have, busy life or just the normal day living life. This is what i have been feeling nowadays working for 16 hours a day, 2 hours of walk. I can't make a choice between busy life and normal life, as i am in need for both, may be you could make a better choice, so before starting busy life, think twice.
Monday, June 30, 2008
Cyprus and my experience of government work
I heard from my friends about the government work in the Cyprus. I used to say then it’s absurd, at last this is European country. I used to argue with Cypriots about it as well say that you must be lying, as I don’t believe Cypriot government is that much slow. One experience of mine changed me totally for what I believe and had to adopt the most common behavior that is going on. I am not going to tell you the story that is made up but about the experience that I had gone through. Then you might decide whether I was right about Cyprus government or not, or you might say it is just consequences that had happened.
It’s not a long time before event, 24th of June 08, I went to Lakchha, transportation office for the license of motor bicycle. I woke up early in the morning and reached to the office by the 8’o clock by taking one hour of bus ride. I waited 10 minutes to fill in the form. I paid 2 euros just to fill in some forms in Greek language as we foreigner can’t fill in the form. Then I was sent inside in the office to submit the form. I went inside, it’s 8: 15 am. I got informed that the officer will reach at only 9. I got shocked that I had to wait in queue for quarter of hour. I took a permit from hospital till 10’ o clock so I thought it might be bit late. Still it’s a rule that I had to wait. So I stayed in the line for a queqe and made myself ready for wait for ¾ quarter of hour. While waiting, one of the person in the queue told me that officer might turn up at 10 if you are lucky, I started to get angry with the system. The office was meant to be there at 8 and she will reach there at 10 I were lucky enough. I was wishing if she showed up at 9, but she did not. At 9: 30 I asked other staffs down there when she will reach there, she responded me that she has to come from far and she has lots of work to do. I got shocked at started to think, is this her personal office or the governmental office? Anyway I had to get license that day, so I waited. At around 11:00 only she showed up. Everybody started to clapped her in satire matter but she said what? In loud voice and everybody calmed. I had to wait till 11:30 to get my turn to register my name and pay money to her for my license process. After that process, she said me to wait outside to be called for license interview. I had to wait for half an hour to get my name called. I did the interview and had to go to same lady for issuing the license. Again same line, had to wait for one hour to get my turn. I thought on the process that I will never come back to this place once I finish these stuffs. I waited 1 hour to get my turn and had my license issued. Not only this much was the over of my pain and suffer from the governmental process. I got my license and rushed outside to catch my bus to Lefkosia. I reached to bus station, I had to wait for bus, so I examined my license. I got some error on the license, my date of birth had been printed wrong. I got really angry, and then rushed back to the officer. The office was about to close, anyway I managed to get inside the office. I requested her to fix the error, but I got surprised when she said, it’s over for today, come back tomorrow. My anger rushed to the limit, but still I calmed down and requested her again stating that, I need to come from far and had to leave the job, but she does not want to understand my problem. It won’t take a long time for her to fix the stuffs, but she refused and replied me angrily that come back tomorrow. I can’t fight with the government people as it will crate a problem for me, just being the foreigner. So I came back with, great anger in myself. I lost the promise I made to the hospital, I did not had time to show up to hospital, and I got the license that is useless, spending my whole precious day. Still today, I am having the useless license carrying with me, as I don’t have time to go and fix those error made by officer.
Now, dear reader, it’s your time to decide, what is the governmental work in Cyprus. What is the value of time, in this newly renowned Europe country, what is the value of foreigner in this Europe, where European law states that all the people should be respected? What is the governmental work in Cyprus? Hope to hear your comments back about my experience.
It’s not a long time before event, 24th of June 08, I went to Lakchha, transportation office for the license of motor bicycle. I woke up early in the morning and reached to the office by the 8’o clock by taking one hour of bus ride. I waited 10 minutes to fill in the form. I paid 2 euros just to fill in some forms in Greek language as we foreigner can’t fill in the form. Then I was sent inside in the office to submit the form. I went inside, it’s 8: 15 am. I got informed that the officer will reach at only 9. I got shocked that I had to wait in queue for quarter of hour. I took a permit from hospital till 10’ o clock so I thought it might be bit late. Still it’s a rule that I had to wait. So I stayed in the line for a queqe and made myself ready for wait for ¾ quarter of hour. While waiting, one of the person in the queue told me that officer might turn up at 10 if you are lucky, I started to get angry with the system. The office was meant to be there at 8 and she will reach there at 10 I were lucky enough. I was wishing if she showed up at 9, but she did not. At 9: 30 I asked other staffs down there when she will reach there, she responded me that she has to come from far and she has lots of work to do. I got shocked at started to think, is this her personal office or the governmental office? Anyway I had to get license that day, so I waited. At around 11:00 only she showed up. Everybody started to clapped her in satire matter but she said what? In loud voice and everybody calmed. I had to wait till 11:30 to get my turn to register my name and pay money to her for my license process. After that process, she said me to wait outside to be called for license interview. I had to wait for half an hour to get my name called. I did the interview and had to go to same lady for issuing the license. Again same line, had to wait for one hour to get my turn. I thought on the process that I will never come back to this place once I finish these stuffs. I waited 1 hour to get my turn and had my license issued. Not only this much was the over of my pain and suffer from the governmental process. I got my license and rushed outside to catch my bus to Lefkosia. I reached to bus station, I had to wait for bus, so I examined my license. I got some error on the license, my date of birth had been printed wrong. I got really angry, and then rushed back to the officer. The office was about to close, anyway I managed to get inside the office. I requested her to fix the error, but I got surprised when she said, it’s over for today, come back tomorrow. My anger rushed to the limit, but still I calmed down and requested her again stating that, I need to come from far and had to leave the job, but she does not want to understand my problem. It won’t take a long time for her to fix the stuffs, but she refused and replied me angrily that come back tomorrow. I can’t fight with the government people as it will crate a problem for me, just being the foreigner. So I came back with, great anger in myself. I lost the promise I made to the hospital, I did not had time to show up to hospital, and I got the license that is useless, spending my whole precious day. Still today, I am having the useless license carrying with me, as I don’t have time to go and fix those error made by officer.
Now, dear reader, it’s your time to decide, what is the governmental work in Cyprus. What is the value of time, in this newly renowned Europe country, what is the value of foreigner in this Europe, where European law states that all the people should be respected? What is the governmental work in Cyprus? Hope to hear your comments back about my experience.
Wednesday, April 30, 2008
communication barriers
When we tend to speak for the good communication which is the base for everything including knowledge, safety, professionalization, development etc, we have to very much cautious about the barriers of those communications. Barriers are the one which will make communication useless or give the different meaning for the communication and divert the outcomes. So we have to be very much cautious about the communication barriers to prevent the outcome that we deserve. We can find lots of types of the communications but I would mainly discuss about the three barriers that are within us and within our receptor.
1. Those originating from within ourselves, e.g. our age, race, social class, gender, feelings, culture, any disabilities, physical state or experiences of similar encounters.
2. Those originating from within others, e.g. how other people perceive us, their ages, races, genders, cultures, any disability such as hearing loss, expectations or us and the situation
3. Those originating in the environment, e.g. the situation in which the encounter is talking place, extraneous noise, temperature, whether it is private or public space or whose space it is.
These are barriers, which makes create all sorts of other barriers as well.
1. Those originating from within ourselves, e.g. our age, race, social class, gender, feelings, culture, any disabilities, physical state or experiences of similar encounters.
2. Those originating from within others, e.g. how other people perceive us, their ages, races, genders, cultures, any disability such as hearing loss, expectations or us and the situation
3. Those originating in the environment, e.g. the situation in which the encounter is talking place, extraneous noise, temperature, whether it is private or public space or whose space it is.
These are barriers, which makes create all sorts of other barriers as well.
Monday, April 14, 2008
Qualities nurses should have
Nursing profession is the lucrative profession in nowadays context as it is highly paid, well recognized and Profession with great honor. This profession is the one which makes people feel if they are somebody who can contribute in the public health, not only that much they would be the one who will be very much close to the patient when they will be in the hospital. The good bonding relationship with the patient, their relatives and the great feeling of satisfactory feeling, money, honor, self-respect are some other factors which is lucrative part of this profession. There is saying that if you want to get something either you have to bear some thing special in yourself or you have to loose something. This is solely true in this profession as well. If we tend to get all the benefit from this profession, there are lots of things that we have to borne with and lots we have to sacrifice. Lets discuss what are those factors that a nurses should to borne with
High alertness: A nurses should be very active and alert all the time. They have to be very much aware of the changing health condition of the patient and should be very alert to find out the signals of the health problem and has to solve it as soon as possible.
Wake up in the sound or touch: Specially the night nurses has to posses these characters, as the patient will be calling up at any moment of time. It is highly recommended that nurses in no matter what shift, should not sleep, but though they are fell down to sleep they should be able to wake up from sleep at the sound or touch.
Carrying out the order exactly: This is a profession where life is endangered if some of the orders were carried out with errors. So carrying out of the order exactly is another most important factor that the nurses should borne with.
Watchfulness: A nurse should be able to find out the condition and be very careful with the environment. They should to notice what is going on with the patient, what the patient is doing and what are the surrounding matters are. For eg. If nurse is not able to notice what patient is doing then patient may fell down from the bed and injure themselves. Nurse have to even notice if something is wrong in the floor or somewhere else in the room etc.
Writing habit: Writing habit should be important factors that the nurse should to have as they have to give lots of the medicine and lots of portions of food at the different intervals of the time, so they should have this habit to write it down so that to prevent the accident or forgetting. It is said that if anything is not written in the nursing profession or the patient chart, the care has not been done.
Quietness: Patients will be in great problem during the sickness, so they need peace and quiet environment. So nurses should bear a habit of keep the place quiet, by not having a habit of banging a door, talking loud, stamping around in heavy or creaking shoes, rustling of garments etc.
Well these are only some of the qualities nurses should borne.
High alertness: A nurses should be very active and alert all the time. They have to be very much aware of the changing health condition of the patient and should be very alert to find out the signals of the health problem and has to solve it as soon as possible.
Wake up in the sound or touch: Specially the night nurses has to posses these characters, as the patient will be calling up at any moment of time. It is highly recommended that nurses in no matter what shift, should not sleep, but though they are fell down to sleep they should be able to wake up from sleep at the sound or touch.
Carrying out the order exactly: This is a profession where life is endangered if some of the orders were carried out with errors. So carrying out of the order exactly is another most important factor that the nurses should borne with.
Watchfulness: A nurse should be able to find out the condition and be very careful with the environment. They should to notice what is going on with the patient, what the patient is doing and what are the surrounding matters are. For eg. If nurse is not able to notice what patient is doing then patient may fell down from the bed and injure themselves. Nurse have to even notice if something is wrong in the floor or somewhere else in the room etc.
Writing habit: Writing habit should be important factors that the nurse should to have as they have to give lots of the medicine and lots of portions of food at the different intervals of the time, so they should have this habit to write it down so that to prevent the accident or forgetting. It is said that if anything is not written in the nursing profession or the patient chart, the care has not been done.
Quietness: Patients will be in great problem during the sickness, so they need peace and quiet environment. So nurses should bear a habit of keep the place quiet, by not having a habit of banging a door, talking loud, stamping around in heavy or creaking shoes, rustling of garments etc.
Well these are only some of the qualities nurses should borne.
Monday, March 24, 2008
For music lovers
I have been trying to find out the website for download of the music but it seems bit hard to download the music. Most of the sites, which google offers seems to contain the virus and cost lots of money to download. It requires the credit card number. The problem is credit card number is, if we came along with the hackers then it would be great problem for the holder and another thing is most of the people from asian countries hardly has credit cards. So it has always been a problem for downloading the loved music. So i tend to look for free download site, where i can get the musics of my like. I do admit that freedownloading is like cheating. Since the owner does lots of effort to collect the music and make a website, so they should be paid. When somebody does the work they should be paid. But the price of the music is a problem for the people. The price of music download is okay for the European country or the country with strong economy but its very expensive to those country people who are from low economically strength country.
Since the people don't have money it does not mean that they should be kept away from the music, so for them i have found out some good sites to visit where we can share our music worldwide and download the music. Bearshare would be best option for people who wish to download the music and enjoy the music. It's the music sharing site, where people will be sharing the music they have through the computer connection. Over this site, we can almost download most of the artists songs and another good aspect is we can have music of different languages as well. Limewire is also good music sharing site, but as i am the user of the bearshare i would prefer bear share.
For the Indian movie songs lovers, www.radioreloaded.com would be good site for download of Indian movie song. Here we will get almost all the movies songs except some only.
i hope to search for more sites and inform later on.
Since the people don't have money it does not mean that they should be kept away from the music, so for them i have found out some good sites to visit where we can share our music worldwide and download the music. Bearshare would be best option for people who wish to download the music and enjoy the music. It's the music sharing site, where people will be sharing the music they have through the computer connection. Over this site, we can almost download most of the artists songs and another good aspect is we can have music of different languages as well. Limewire is also good music sharing site, but as i am the user of the bearshare i would prefer bear share.
For the Indian movie songs lovers, www.radioreloaded.com would be good site for download of Indian movie song. Here we will get almost all the movies songs except some only.
i hope to search for more sites and inform later on.
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