Monograph of Respiridone

Monogram of Respiridone

General description of Respiridone:
Respiridone is an antipsychotic drug with dopaminergic and serotonergic effect. Respiridone is used to treat schizophrenia, the mixed and manic states associated with bipolar disorder, and irritability in children with autism. The drug was developed by Janseen-Cilag.
RISPERDAL ® ( risperidone) s a psychotropic agent belonging to the chemical class of benzisoxazole derivatives. The chemical designation is 3-[ 2-[ 4-( 6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl) -1-piperidinyl ] ethyl ] -6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4H-pyrido [ 1,2-a ] pyrimidin-4-one. Its molecular formula is C23H27FN4O2 and its molecular weight is 410.49.

Risperidone is a white to slightly beige powder. It is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in methylene chloride, and soluble in methanol and 0.1 N HCl. (http://www.healthcentral.com/druglibrary/408/risperdal-drug_description.html)


Therapeutic group:
Respiridone is the categorized in the therapeutic group of drug for the antipsychotic drug.
Mode of action:
Risperidone is extensively metabolized in the liver. The main metabolic pathway is through hydroxylation of risperidone to 9-hydroxyrisperidone by the enzyme, CYP 2D6. A minor metabolic pathway is through N-dealkylation. The main metabolite,
9-hydroxyrisperidone has similar pharmacological activity as risperidone. Consequently, the clinical effect of the drug (e.g., the active moiety) results from the combined concentrations of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone.
CYP2D6, also called debrisoquin hydrozylase, is the enzyme responsible for metabolism of many neuroleptics, antidepressants, antiarrhythimics, and other drugs, CYP 2D6 is subject to genetic polymorphism (about 6% -8% of Caucasians, and a very low percentage of Asians, have little or no activity and are “poor metabolizers”) and to inhibition by a variety of substrates and some non-substrates, notably quinidine. Extensive CYP 2D6 metabolizers convert risperidone rapidly into 9-hydroxyrisperidone, whereas poor CYP 2D6 metabolizers convert it much more slowly. Although extensive metabolizers have lower risperidone and higher 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations than poor metabolizers, the pharmacokinetics of the active moiety, after single and multiple doses, are similar in extensive and poor metabolizers.
Respiridone contraindication:
Respiridone is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to the product and who have a history of high blood sugar and diabetes, and older patient treated for mental illness from dementia. Patient with history of seizures, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dehydration, diabetes, hyperglycemia, pancreas problem, hypovolemia, Alzheimer’s disease, hypothyroidism, pregnancy and hepatic impairment have to consult with doctor before using Respiridone. (http://www.resource4defectivedrugs.com/topics/risperdal.html)


Indications:
Respiridone is indicated for acute and chronic schizophrenic psychoses and other psychotic conditions with positive and negative symptoms and even indicated for affective symptoms associated with schizophrenia (ABPI, 1998). This drug has some effect on the bipolar affective disorder. Respiridone has been used to SSRIs in obsessive compulsive disorder. (http://priory.com/focus9.htm#Clinical%20Indications)
Interactions of Respiridone
Risperidone could be subject to two kinds of drug-drug interactions First, inhibitors of CYP 2D6 interfere with conversion of risperidone to 9-hydroxyrisperidone. This occurs with quinidine, giving essentially all recipients a risperidone pharmacokinetic profile typical of poor metabolizers. The therapeutic benefits and adverse effects of risperidone in patients receiving quinidine have not been evaluated, but observations in a modest number (n@70) of poor metabolizers given risperidone do not suggest important differences between poor and extensive metabolizers. Second, co-administration of known enzyme inducers (e.g. phenytoin, rifampin, and phenobarbitital) with risperidone may cause a decrease in the combined plasma concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone. It would also be possible for risperidone to interfere with metabolism of other drugs metabolized by CYP 2D6. Relatively weak binding of risperidone to the enzyme suggest this is unlikely
Side effects of Respiridone:
agitation, anxiety; blurred vision; confusion; constipation; cough; decreased sexual interest or ability; dysfunction of erection; ejaculation and orgasmdiarrhea; difficulty breathing or swallowing; difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep; difficulty urinating; dizziness; dreaming more than usual; drowsiness; dry mouth; dry or discolored skin; fainting; faintness; fast or irregular pulse; fast, pounding, or irregular heartbeat; fever; heartburn; hives; increased appetite; itching; muscle or joint pain; muscle stiffness; painful erection of the penis that lasts for hours; rash; restlessness; runny nose; seizures; slow movements or shuffling walk; sore throat; stomach pain; sweating; unusual movements of your face or body that you cannot control; upset stomach; weight gain.

Precautions while using Respiridone
RISPERDAL (risperidone) may induce orthostatic hypotension associated with dizziness, tychycardia, and in some patients, syncope, especially during the initial dose-titration period, probably reflection its alpha-adrenergic antagonistic properties. A dose reduction should be considered if hypotension occurs. RISPERDAL should be used with particular caution in patients with known cardiovascular disease (history of myocardial infraction or ischemia, heart failure, or condition abnormalities), cerebrovascular disease, and conditions, which would predispose patients to hypotension, e.g., dehydration and hypovolemia. Clinically significant hypotension has been observed with concomitant use of RISPERDAL and antihypertensive medication.

Special warnings
A 2003 study for the Risperdal reported that 49% more cases of diabetes among the users of Risperdal than amoung older anti-pscyhotic drug. So, Risperdal has been linked to type 2 diabetes, juvenile diabetes, hyperglycemia, other blood sugar disorders, diabetic coma, and pancreatitis- a dangerous inflammation of the pancreas. Respirdone is even linked with excessive weight gain, Neuroleptic malignant Syndrome (NMS) and Tardive Dyskinesia. Elderly patient treated with Rispierdal for demential had a higher chances of death by stroke and cardiac arrest than patient who did not take the drug.( http://www.resource4defectivedrugs.com/topics/risperdal.html)

How to create account in PPP 4

working with the PPP for at least 2 years is very great. I have not been able to make a lots of money cause i had some other stuffs heating me hard and could not give a time to it. Anyway it was real great working with PPP 3. Now i do want to work with PPP4 as well. i thought may be my PPP3 username and password will work out but to my surprise for it i need a password from the social spark. Anyway, i hit the password and then i was asked to submit my blog url, i did it. But to my surprise, it wants to verify my blog, so they asked me to paste certain text in my blog, which is "euphonious flavoured crisps, with real euphonious pieces". euphonious flavoured crisps, with real euphonious pieces is the text that i have to post in my blog for certain time and publish a blog to verify my blog and then i have to press cliam to verify my blog. Well this seems bit a odd job to do but technically i think those people also want to be sure aboout the genuine one.

Let’s ride own car in affordable price

Do you have a dream to ride a good car and having a problem of not being able to fulfill it just because you can’t afford it financially? If somebody asks a question to anybody with the middle class people, the answer would be of course or why not. Well this answer shoots not only for the middle class people but for everybody isn’t it? If we can get the good car in the cheap price, why not to ride a car. BuyYourCar.Co.Uk is helping lots of people to fulfill their dream with the very good car in the cheap price. They will provide you with a used cars, which you can find it in very good condition and very good price. They do the purchase of good car and sells a good car are affordable price. If you have a problem with money to pay all at lump some at a time, they help to get you along with the insurance as well. If you want to buy a new one also, they have lots of great new cars to offer you as well. So it’s better to have a check at them for once and you won’t regret for your time consumed in surfing internet.

Heart failure and your life style

Heart failure (HF) is a condition in which a problem with the structure or function of the heart impairs its ability to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs. This heart failure is termed as most expensive disease to the human life. Around 35 billion dollars is spent each year only in the USA for the treatment and hospitalization of the heart failure patient.
This must of money can be saved if we have control over our own daily activities. Sedative life style is the greatest risk factors for the heart failure. Some other causes of heart failure are myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathy.
Other things which contribute in heart failure are: Ischaemic Heart Disease 62%, Cigarette Smoking 16%, Hypertension (high blood pressure)10%, Obesity 8%, Diabetes 3% , Valvular heart disease 2% (much higher in older populations)
Some rare causes of heart failure are: Viral Myocarditis (an infection of the heart muscle), Infiltrations of the muscle such as amyloidosis , HIV cardiomyopathy (caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus), Connective Tissue Diseases such as Systemic lupus erythematosus, Abuse of drugs such as alcohol, Pharmaceutical drugs such as chemotherapeutic agents. And Arrhythmias.

Anyway if you can prevent from getting heart failure by controlling over your life style, why not to change it.

Scent to your choice

Lots of teenagers do love to get attracted in the first meeting with the other, especially girls love to attract the gents at the first site. They do use lots of stuffs, for example, make up, dressing and lots other stuffs. Putting the great scent in the body has been used from the long time and now ladies do love to have strong and attractive scent. Gents are not far behind this rapt attention technique and do loves use the scent, so do I. Like girls, I do love to have a strong scent which can be smell for long distance and which lasts for the long time. Dolce & Gabbana has been a best for me for a long time and I am just craze for this. I am sure that lots of people are fond of Dolce & Gabbana, but I can’t say all of people are fond of it. Anyway everybody has their own taste. Considering the taste of different people, Scent has tried to aggregate the different scent in its website in the cheap and affordable price. I would suggest you to have a look in it, if you are real fond of scent.

Stem Cell

I have been hearing a stem cell research for a long, but being medical student as well I was not able to explain what the stem cell really means. I know what stem cell can be converted to and what can be done with the stem cell for the cure of the disease. As I heard about the stem cell being able to convert to the sperm cell I got more enthusiastic to find out about the stem cell. According to the Wikipedia, stem cells are the cell found in most, if not all, multicellular organisms and are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating into a diverse range of specialized cell types. Embryonic stem cells, a cell isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult tissue are the two broad types of mammalian stem cells. A stem cell from embryonic can be differentiated or converted to into all of the specialized embryonic tissues and the adult stem cell acts repair system of the body, replenishing specialized cells, but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin or intestinal tissue.
Now it’s a sort of requirement that the stem cell are collected from the umbilical cord blood and is saved for the later medical purposes to help the person. During the child birth, the umbilical blood is collected before just for the diagnosis of the disease in the child but nowadays it’s been stored for the future medical help purpose, as stem cell can be used to treat lots of medical problems. It has been found that stem cell can be used to treat stroke, traumatic brain injury, blindness, baldness, deafness and lot other disease.

What about a game of billiard online?

It’s really hard to find the pal to pay billiard nowadays in real as everybody is getting busy with their business and other stuffs. So the person like me having a interest in billiard player has found out the way to get in touch with billiard through the chess game online. I can find the people down there from the entire world with the great interest and with great talent which can challenge my talent. I am sure that I could find the good player out of that place to have a challenging game. The site is multilingual with the Arabic language as well. I am sure that it site would be a great choice for the people like me all over the world to have their wishes of playing billiard being fulfilled.

Swine flu now in cyprus

Swine flu as everybody knows has a long term history of outbreak since 1918 in the human individual. But to the current, this outbreak takes place the Mexico in April of 2009. The swine flu is the flu that affects the pig and is the respiratory diseases of the pig. This is caused due to the new strain of the influenza A virus subtype H1N1, which has a capacity of transferring between the human. The sings and symptoms of this swine flu is more or less common to the common human flu. The outbreak of the swine flu from Mexico in the April of 2009 lead Mexican government to shut down most of the Mexico City’s public and private offices and now is pandemic in 139 countries including developing and developed countries. WHO has placed this swine flu in the dangerous pandemic at the rate of 5 out of 6. In the context of the Cyprus, the swine flu confirmed cases has reached up to 201 cases with the test given for the 416 persons. The infection rate is getting higher in the Cyprus, with no proper treatment and medications. First case of swine flu is Cyprus was reported in the 30 May 2009, form the 39-year-old woman, a foreign national who is married with Cypriot and lives in the island.

Best way to manage your Property

I own a house bit a far distance from the city center and I am always worried about that house, because I am living in the city center. I hardly have a time to visit to my house. No body lives in that house, as a fact, the garden is filled with the wild weeds and other grasses. Whenever I remember the grass, I have a sort of pain in my head. I owe a property but have a problem with that, cause whenever I go back to that house, I have lots of works to do than to rest in that house. I know lots of people have same problem like me. One day I came across the real property management and I got relieved from the tension. Now I am earning some money from that house and don’t have to clean up my house and can go and take a good rest in that house. What so happened, is Real Property Management send me some tenants to live in that house and they took a good care of my house and I came to earn a few but a some coins from that house. Real Property management does the work like tenant placement, affordable management fees with no leasing fees, regular property inspection, accounting, project management, maintenance services and much more. This service is available in most of the countries like North America, South Alabama, China, Japan, Morocco etc. If you are having a problem like mine, Real Property Management can be helpful to you.

Warranted, do you believe?

Before I used to buy something, I always used to look for the warranty and I would not buy anything without a warranty. So did happen with the purchase of my sony-vio laptop. I purchase the sony-vio laptop after seeing a warranty for 2-years in the hardware maintenance. I was quiet happy with my sony-vio laptop. I used it for 1 year without any problem. At last, one day I happen to have a problem with my sound, with my speaker. I can hear the music with headphone but not with the speaker attached with the laptop. But still I continued to use the laptop. To the addition, after 2 week I came to have a problem with my battery. The battery charges and shows up full but does not last more than 15 minutes. I was much tensed with those stuffs. Then suddenly I remember my habit of choosing the items with warranty. I check for it and found that it is warranted for 2- years, so I rushed to the seller and told them the problem. They assured me that they would try to fix the laptop and took back my laptop with my problem written in piece of paper. I was pretty much sure that they would fix my sound problem and my battery problem. They said to me that my laptop would be back by 1 or max of 2 weeks. I got a call from them after 1 months saying that they cannot repair my laptop, the battery is not covered within the warranty and for my sound problem, they did not find the suitable speaker for my laptop. Now I don’t have any other options than bringing back my laptop without fixing my problem after one months of separation from my laptop. Now I came to realize, warranty is just a policy to business man to sell the product, not to help the customer. Now it’s your time for believe on warranty. I have told my story to you, its your time for belief form warranty.

Mnemonic

Have you ever heard about the mnemonic? Do you know what it does mean? If you don’t know let me tell you this is one technique which enhances your memory capability. I mean you will be able to memorize a huge amount of text or any other things for longer time than you were usually able to memorize for. It is very helpful for the student, teacher and generally to all the people.
So it might be very interesting to know about this techniques won’t it be? There are lots and lots of techniques that would lie under the mnemonic but I will briefly discuss about acronym only this time.
Acronym: Acronym is process of formation of some special word by taking the first letter of the word that we have to memorize. For example, if we have to remember the five steps of the nursing process assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation, then we have to take just the first letters of the each word and it would become ADPIE, which is much easier to remember than the whole lot of words itself. In this acronym technique, we can rearrange the letters to our wish so that it would be easy for us to remember. T hose letters can be formed in the word that we would use it everyday or we would remember it easily. It has been proved that if the letters are arrange is form of the funny word it would be remember for the long time, not only this much if the letter tend to make up some word related to the sex, it will be remember for the longer time than the usual. Formation of the story with the first letter of the words that we have to remember does help to keep something in our mind for long time.
I hope this technique might be very much helpful to remember something for our exams.

what about good social link?

I have been searching though the WebPages and certainly one of my cousin referred me about the acobay. He said to me that it’s a new social sharing site and could be very much helpful to get connected with the friends with the same interest or same stuffs that you owe. It will even be more helpful to grow up your social link and would be helpful for your blog writing. It sounded of great interest to me and I went inside the site Acobay and found to be true. To tell you truth I am just a new user and didn’t have a good social link but at the first link itself it attracted me and I can’t stop writing about it. I hope you can take a good benefit with site in making social network.

One more math Trick

Hey readers I am not trying to make you math genius but just teaching you some techniques which might be helpful to you in your life somewhere. Won’t it look cool if you can do some mathematical calculation without calculator when you need them at instant and when you don’t have calculator with you? It would be like a great help to you and you could be bit of smart in front of your pals around you.

Today I will write about how to make a calculation with 11. When you calculate any number with 11, you have to work with this formula
11* XY = X (x+y) Y
Well this is the formula to calculate by 11. Let’s get through some examples
11*22 would be 2 (2+2) 2 which is 242
11*39 would be 3 (3+9) 9 which would be 429.
It’s easy and cool enough and you don’t need calculator anymore for multiplying anything by 11.

Suffering from addiction?

It's very hard to get rid of anything once you get addicted to something, no matter if its alcohol, marijuana, coccaine, or any other drug addictions like Oxycodone, Codiene, or Methamphetamine. Lots of people must have tried their best to get rid of these addictions, as they will clearly know that has been hampering them. If you are having a problem like this vicodin addiction may prove to be best to get rid of these addictions. Promises found to be very useful for lots of other people with addiction to get rid of. If you are willing to get rid and nothing is working out in front of your will to get addicted, this is best place to get you out from your addiction. It has helped a lot to get rid out of it, then why not you.

This, Promises is just a great place for your better future. Try this out for once and you will see the difference in your will power. You can find Promises in most of the countries like North America, South America, Asia, Europe, Africa, and Australia.

Math Tricks, multiply by 20's

I have posted how to calculate from 11-19 by 11-19 within few minutes, but now I would like to share how to calculate 20-29 by 20-29. It’s also simple like calculating like before but there is slight change in the formula. In the previous one you have to multiply the last digit by 10, which as over here you have to multiply the last digit by 20. Anyway let’s get through the process so that you would easily learn it.
Let’s calcue 27*29.
In this process, what you have to do is add 27+ last digit of the another number (9), it would become 36, then multiply that number by 20, which will become 720.
As a second step multiply two last digits of your number (i.e. 7 and 9) from your digit, it will become 63. Now add up your two sums (63+720), it would become 783. That is your answer for your multiplication. Isn’t it easy to calculate in your mind within few seconds. Try some of the multiplication by yourself and show your capacity to your friends, they will be happy with your ability.

Do you like paintballing?

Do you remember the time when you play a paintball last time? Well I hope you do. Isn’t that fun enough? Won’t you like to have that moment back in your life with the new equipment and new paintball guns and paintball? If you wish paintball markers can be a very helpful site for you guys. To those who have never done a paint ball, I would suggest try it out once and I guarantee you that it would be memorable day of your life. Playing paintballing with the paintballing guns, Tippmann guns, reminds me of my own culture “holi” in which day we used to play with the colors and water, which is celebrated all over my country. If you need a paint balls or paintball you can get them from Ultimate Paitnball. They sell paintball guns, like Tippman A-5, Tippmann 98 custom, Smart Parts Ion, Spyder Pilot etc and huge varieties of paintballs. They have been in this business for more than 5 years and they will provide you with all sort of the equipments needed for paintballing. You can order them online and they will deliver you to your home. They will help you bring back those lovely moments in your life for one more time.

Ever gone for paintballing

Phagu purnima or Holy is one of my favourite day being a hindu. This day, i used to play with colors and with water and is celebrated all the way around in the country. I still remember that moment when i used to be in Nepal and playing color with friends. Thanks to the paintballing, which brougt me back those great moments again. I do know that all the foreigneers who missed their country and holy would remember once their lovely days like me when you will get in touch with paintballing. You can purchase the paintball guns, paintball markers, paintball gear, barrels, hoppers and lot more stuffs which you might need for paint balling from Ultimate Paintball Tippmann. Tippmann is the best seeling paintguns followed by spyder, smart parts, Dye, Empire, Vforce, Draxxus paintball and much more. I hope you will get those days back in foreign life once you get in touch with Ultimate Paintball. tippmann mods

Math Trick

I have been away from blog writing for a long time, as I was very busy with my college stuffs and other stuffs. Anyway now I think I can catch up with my blog writing. Well for the starting I would like to write about some math tricks, how you can multiply fast. I will be writing about multiplying of 11-19. I will go thorough each step so the reader could learn within few minutes and can calculate very fast.
Well let’s start with how to calculate with
a) 17*9
to calculate this easily what we have to do is, we have to multiply 7 (the last digit) with the 9, which will become 63.
To the second step you have to multiply 9 (the last digit) by 10, which will be 90.
After that, we have to join up those two which will become 153.

Dear friends, you can say that buddy, you are taking long time to calculate, but friends, if it’s 19*9 or something like that it might be bit hard to calculate.

b) 18*13
To calculate these two numbered one, the formula is you have to add up one number with the last number of another one ( i.e. either 13+8 , or 18+3) then multiply the sum by 10. It will become 210.
Second step is, we have to multiply last number of each (i.e. 8*3) which will become 24 and then add those both number to get answer, which will be 234.

You can use these formulas to calculate any number. I hope it will take only five minutes to master these two formulas and you can calculate those hard feeling numbers very easily such as 17*16 or 19*18, or 13*17, anything of your wish.

I hope this might be a good start for getting back with blogs.